{"id":719,"date":"2021-07-23T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-23T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/anyonecanscience.com\/?p=719"},"modified":"2021-07-23T00:31:25","modified_gmt":"2021-07-23T04:31:25","slug":"environmental-inheritance-the-epigenome-legacy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/anyonecanscience.com\/index.php\/2021\/07\/23\/environmental-inheritance-the-epigenome-legacy\/","title":{"rendered":"Environmental Inheritance: The Epigenome Legacy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In last week\u2019s blog post, we explained the variety of <a href=\"https:\/\/anyonecanscience.com\/index.php\/2021\/07\/16\/environmental-inheritance-how-epigenetic-markers-tidy-up-your-genes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">molecular mechanisms<\/a> that control gene expression and make up your epigenome. There is a lot scientists still don\u2019t know about the complex machinations of your epigenome, and there\u2019s even more they don\u2019t know about how those changes respond to the environment and get passed down through generations. There is mounting evidence suggesting that some epigenetic changes are inherited, providing a pathway for behaviors, environments, and traumas to be passed on through generations. But how does this inheritance take place? And what could it mean for our health and the health of our grandchildren?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When we talk about environmental inheritance, we are really talking about <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eep\/article\/4\/2\/dvy016\/5055600#118904439\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">two different ways<\/a> the environment can impact how the epigenome is inherited. Multigenerational epigenetic inheritance refers to environmental exposures that directly affect a developing embryo or the sperm\/egg cells that formulate an embryo. These exposures directly interact with both the parent and child simultaneously\u2014even long before the child is conceived. And when the environmental exposure affects a developing embryo, it directly interacts with the mother, the child, and the grandchild (through in-utero changes to the cells that will eventually become the child\u2019s sperm and egg cells). Often, we are more interested in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, which refers to changes in the epigenome that are passed on to cells that had no contact with the original environmental exposure. So if your grandfather ran behind the insecticide truck as a kid, those chemicals may have directly changed the epigenome of one of your parents (by interacting with the germline cells that became your grandfather\u2019s sperm cells). That\u2019s multigenerational epigenetic inheritance. If those changes persist for another generation and affect your genes, then that would be transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/anyonecanscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Embryonic-Reprogramming-small.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"In the early stages of embryonic development, epigenome reprogramming wipes away most of the existing epigenetic tags.\" class=\"wp-image-716\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/anyonecanscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Embryonic-Reprogramming-small.jpg?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/anyonecanscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Embryonic-Reprogramming-small.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/anyonecanscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Embryonic-Reprogramming-small.jpg?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption>In the early stages of embryonic development, epigenome reprogramming wipes away most of the existing epigenetic tags.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a while, scientists assumed that transgenerational epigenetic inheritance couldn\u2019t occur because of a phenomenon known as <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.genetics.utah.edu\/content\/epigenetics\/inheritance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">epigenetic reprogramming<\/a>. When an embryo first forms, all of its DNA comes pre-tagged with the epigenetic markers from the egg and sperm cells that formed it. But the genes that need to be turned on in germline cells are very different than the genes that need to be turned on in the heart, the lungs, or the liver. In order for embryonic cells to differentiate into all of the different cell types necessary for a functioning infant, they first need to erase most of the epigenetic tags, leaving blank slate cells that can be adapted into any type of cell necessary. But, in mammals, approximately 1% of embryonic genes keep their original epigenetic tags in a process called <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3385953\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">imprinting<\/a>. Imprinting allows the cell to control whether the <a href=\"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dvdy.21094\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">maternal or paternal copy<\/a> of a gene is expressed. Scientists are still working to understand how environmental exposures may interact with imprinting patterns to facilitate epigenome inheritance. But there is empirical evidence suggesting transgenerational epigenetic inheritance does happen to some extent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Epigenome inheritance is often studied in mice and rats, which are useful model organisms scientists can easily <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eep\/article\/4\/2\/dvy016\/5055600#118904439\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">track for multiple generations<\/a>. For example, scientists have seen multigenerational epigenetic inheritance in the genes that control <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1428789\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">fur color<\/a>, where chemicals in a pregnant mother\u2019s diet changed the fur color of their offspring by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3809579\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">switching off certain genes<\/a>. But these changes don\u2019t appear to persist transgenerationally. A different study found that when pregnant rats were exposed to a fungicide used in agriculture, their great-grandchildren had changes in their epigenome correlating with reproductive abnormalities like decreased sperm motility. Going back to your grandfather who ran behind insecticide trucks, a study of pregnant rats exposed to DDT\u2014an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/biomonitoring\/DDT_FactSheet.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">insecticide that was banned<\/a> in the U.S. in 1972\u2014found that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3853586\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">chemical caused changes<\/a> in the epigenomes of their great-grandchildren that were correlated with the development of obesity. Rats exposed to nicotine had <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3798762\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">great-grandchildren at higher risk for asthma<\/a>; mice exposed to chronic social stress had great-granddaughters with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3826464\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">higher social anxiety<\/a>; and mice exposed to BPA had great-grandchildren with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3404345\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">decreased social interactions<\/a> and altered brain chemistry. Altogether these animal studies present robust evidence that environmental exposures can impact health transgenerationally through inherited changes in the epigenome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/anyonecanscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lab-mouse-small.jpg?resize=1024%2C560&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Mice and rats are often used as model organisms to study epigenome inheritance in mammals.\" class=\"wp-image-717\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/anyonecanscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lab-mouse-small.jpg?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/anyonecanscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lab-mouse-small.jpg?resize=300%2C164&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/anyonecanscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Lab-mouse-small.jpg?resize=768%2C420&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption>Mice and rats are often used as model organisms to study epigenome inheritance in mammals.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It\u2019s much harder to study transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans because it requires tracking <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-02316-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">large study populations<\/a> across multiple generations. And because it\u2019s impossible to precisely control the conditions of a person\u2019s life, it can be harder to pin down exactly what causes these generational changes. Preliminary evidence has indicated that if a grandparent is exposed to sudden bouts of famine, it puts their grandchild at higher risk for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3929550\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dying of heart disease<\/a>. A study of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5034931\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mothers in Norway<\/a> found that smoking while pregnant put their grandchildren at higher risk for asthma. There are several studies that look at the epigenetic effects of extreme trauma, including studies of Holocaust survivors and their descendants. But these studies have only been able to find limited evidence for epigenetic inheritance of stress in humans. And it\u2019s difficult to isolate epigenetics as the cause when there are so many other psychological and social factors underlying intergenerational trauma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the limitations of human epigenome inheritance studies, there is evidence that <a href=\"https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.304.6125&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cer<\/a>tain diseases are inherited epigenetically. For example, Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome are both neurological disorders often caused by a mutation in chromosome 15. But studies have found that a subset of people with these disorders inherits them transgenerationally as the result of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1180233\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">faulty imprinting<\/a> in chromosome 15 during epigenome reprogramming. There is also preliminary evidence that epigenetic changes associated with <a href=\"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/39380\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cancer risk<\/a> could be inherited transgenerationally. As we further decode the epigenome and its complex inheritance, we may reveal even more hidden links between environment and disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Science You Can Bring Home To Mom will be back in August with a brand new series! For now, check out last month\u2019s series on <a href=\"https:\/\/anyonecanscience.com\/index.php\/2021\/06\/18\/the-broken-binary-the-biological-sex-spectrum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">biological sex<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/anyonecanscience.com\/index.php\/2021\/06\/25\/the-broken-binary-gender-and-society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">gender<\/a>. Comment on this post or email me at <a href=\"mailto:contact@anyonecanscience.com\">contact@anyonecanscience.com<\/a> to let me know what you think about this week\u2019s blog post and tell me what sorts of topics you want me to cover in the future. And subscribe below for weekly science posts sent straight to your email!<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In last week\u2019s blog post, we explained the variety of molecular mechanisms that control gene expression and make up your epigenome. There is a lot scientists still don\u2019t know about the complex machinations of your epigenome, and there\u2019s even more they don\u2019t know about how those changes respond to the environment and get passed down through generations. There is mounting evidence suggesting that some epigenetic changes are inherited, providing a pathway for behaviors, environments, and traumas to be passed on through generations. But how does this inheritance take place? And what could it mean for our health and the health&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/anyonecanscience.com\/index.php\/2021\/07\/23\/environmental-inheritance-the-epigenome-legacy\/\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Environmental Inheritance: The Epigenome Legacy<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":718,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"For week two of our deep dive into epigenetics, we are talking about the mechanisms and consequences of epigenome inheritance. Check it out and subscribe! #epigenetics #anyonecanscience","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[3],"tags":[393,394,392,389,382,381,383,391,390],"class_list":["post-719","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biochemistry","tag-chemical-exposures","tag-embryonic-development","tag-environmental-exposures","tag-epigenetic-inheritance","tag-epigenetic-markers","tag-epigenetics","tag-epigenome","tag-multigenerational-inheritance","tag-transgenerational-inheritance","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Environmental Inheritance: The Epigenome Legacy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In last week\u2019s blog post, we explained the variety of molecular mechanisms that control gene expression and make up your epigenome. 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